Class X - Notes

Life Processes - Excretion Excretion is the biological process by which organisms remove waste products formed due to metabolic activities (like respiration). Accumulation of these wastes can be toxic and harmful, so they must be removed efficiently. It is essential for maintaining the internal environment and ensuring the body's proper functioning. Excretion in Humans Humans have a well-developed excretory system to remove nitrogenous wastes like urea . Human Excretory System – Main Parts Draw the excretory system in human beings from NCERT Textbook science X, page 110, Figure 6.13. 1. Kidneys Bean-shaped organs located on either side of the backbone. Main organs for filtration of blood and formation of urine. Each kidney contains millions of filtering units called nephrons . 2. Ureters Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. 3. Urinary Bladder A muscular sac that stores urine until it is excreted. Urine is stored temporarily bef...

 Life Processes - Transportation The transport system in human beings is known as circulatory system. There are three main components of circulatory system in human beings. They are 1) Blood 2) Blood vessels 3) Heart Blood Blood is a specialized body fluid that plays a critical role in maintaining life. It is a connective tissue composed of plasma and blood cells, circulating through the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries. Components of Blood Blood is made up of four main components: 1. Plasma Plasma is the liquid part of blood, making up about 55% of its total volume. It is mostly water (around 90%) and contains proteins, hormones, nutrients, electrolytes, and waste products. Plasma acts as a carrier for blood cells and other substances. 2. Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) Red blood cells are responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body and returning carbon dioxide for exhalation. They contain hemoglobin , a protein that binds oxyge...

  Click here to go to Home Page Session I - Foundational Concept of AI Intelligence - It refers to the ability to understand, distinguish, question things/objects/feelings/situations/ people along with acquiring and applying knowledge and skills in various domains. Decision-Making – It means selection of an item or action or belief out of several possible alternate options. Available data, information and our intelligence plays an important role in decision making. Types of Intelligence 1. Naturalist Intelligence(Environment Skills) : It refers to the human ability to identify and categorise among living things as well as understanding other features of the natural world. 2. Musical Intelligence (Music Skills) – It enables to recognize, create, reproduce and reflect on music. 3. Logical-Mathematical Intelligence (Numerical and logical skills) – It refers to the ability to calculate, quantify, use propositions and hypotheses, and carry out complete mathematical operat...

  Click here to go to Home Page Chapter 5 -Respiration Respiration : The process by which the food gets oxidised and releases energy for performing various life processes is called respiration. Types 1. Aerobic respiration - The respiration which takes place in the presence of oxygen is called aerobic respiration. In this process glucose gets completely oxidised to release carbondioxide, water and large amount of energy.                 (In cytoplasm) Glucose ----------- Pyruvate + Energy                                   (In mitochondria) Pyruvate -----------> Carbondioxide + Water + Energy(38 ATP) ATP = Adenosine Triphosphate 2. Anaerobic respiration - The respiration which takes place in the absence of oxygen is called anaerobic respiration. Here glucose is oxidised incompletely and release small amount of energy. a) Anaerobic...

    Click here to go to Home Page  Session VI - Writing Skills III Active and Passive Voice Definition: Voice in grammar refers to the form of a verb that shows whether the subject performs the action ( Active Voice ) or receives the action ( Passive Voice ). 1. Active Voice: In active voice, the subject performs the action. This form is direct, clear, and concise . Structure: Subject + Verb + Object Example: She (subject) wrote (verb) a letter (object). Here, the subject "she" is doing the action. 2. Passive Voice: In passive voice, the subject receives the action. It is used when the doer is unknown, unimportant, or obvious from context. Structure: Object + Form of “to be” + Past Participle + (by + Subject) Example: A letter (object) was written (verb) by her (subject). Here, the focus is on the action done to the object. More Examples: Active Voice Passive Voice The teacher teaches English.      ...

    Click here to go to Home Page Session V - Basic Writing Skills II Sentences:  A group of words that makes complete sense is called a sentence. The sentence must contain the subject and a predicate.   Kinds of Sentences : There are four kinds of sentences:   1. Assertive or declarative sentence (Statement )  2. Integrative sentence (a Question)   3. Imperative sentence (a Command, request, order, advice, instruction, prohibition)   4. Exclamatory sentence (with strong feeling or emotion -an Exclamation)   Parts of a sentence-: A sentence contains following parts---   1.  A Subject  - It tells 'who is performing the action of the sentence'. It can person, place or a thing.  2.  A Predicate  - It says something about the subject.  3.  An object  - It is a part of predicate which tell about things being acted upon by the verb.

       Click here to go to HOME PAGE                                                                                                                                                                           Session III Effective Communication Effective Communication :  It is a two way communication process where both parties have right and convenience to express their messages, opinions, facts, other information and so forth. Principles of Effective Communicati...

    Click here to go to Home Page Session II Feedback in Communication Feedback Feedback is the response or reaction given after receiving information, instructions, or actions. Forms of feedback -           A smile or nod. -           A question or clarification. -           Thank you note or an acknowledgement note. -           Clapping or hooting. Characteristics of feedback:- -           The intention of the feedback should ensure that communication becomes successful. -           It should be conveyed with clarity. -           It should be fair and non judgemental. -           It should be intimated at proper time. ...