Life Processes - Excretion - Artificial Kidney and Haemodialysis - NCERT Class 10

Life Processes - Excretion

Excretion is the biological process by which organisms remove waste products formed due to metabolic activities (like respiration). Accumulation of these wastes can be toxic and harmful, so they must be removed efficiently. It is essential for maintaining the internal environment and ensuring the body's proper functioning.

Excretion in Humans

Humans have a well-developed excretory system to remove nitrogenous wastes like urea.

Human Excretory System – Main Parts

Draw the excretory system in human beings from NCERT Textbook science X, page 110, Figure 6.13.

1. Kidneys

  • Bean-shaped organs located on either side of the backbone.

  • Main organs for filtration of blood and formation of urine.

  • Each kidney contains millions of filtering units called nephrons.

2. Ureters

  • Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

3. Urinary Bladder

  • A muscular sac that stores urine until it is excreted.

  • Urine is stored temporarily before removal.

4. Urethra

  • A tube through which urine is expelled from the bladder to the outside of the body.

Structure and Function of a Nephron

  • A nephron is the basic functional and structural unit of the kidney.

  • Main parts:

    • Glomerulus (a network of capillaries),

    • Bowman's capsule,

    • Tubules.

  • Blood is filtered in the glomerulus, and useful substances like glucose, amino acids, and some salts are reabsorbed.

  • The remaining waste forms urine, which is passed into the collecting ducts.

Formation of Urine

  1. Ultrafiltration: Blood is filtered under pressure in the glomerulus.

  2. Selective Reabsorption: Useful substances are reabsorbed in the tubules.

  3. Tubular Secretion: Additional wastes are secreted into the tubules.

  4. Urine Formation: The final waste-containing fluid (urine) is collected and transported to the bladder.

Excretion in Plants

Plants have simpler methods of excretion:

  • Oxygen (from photosynthesis) and carbon dioxide (from respiration) are released through stomata.

  • Waste products like resins, latex, and gums are stored in older tissues.

  • Some wastes are removed by shedding of leaves, bark, and fruits.

What is an Artificial Kidney?

An artificial kidney is a device that removes nitrogenous waste products like urea from the blood when the kidneys are not able to perform this function naturally.
The process of cleaning the blood using an artificial kidney is called haemodialysis.

What is Haemodialysis?

Haemodialysis is a medical process where a patient's blood is passed through a machine (dialyzer) that filters out waste products, excess salts, and extra water, just like healthy kidneys would do.

When is Haemodialysis Needed?

  • When both kidneys fail to function properly.

  • When the blood contains dangerously high levels of waste materials.

  • In cases of chronic kidney disease or acute kidney failure.

How Does Haemodialysis Work?

  1. Blood is drawn from the patient's artery and pumped into the dialysis machine.

  2. Inside the machine, blood flows through long tubes made of a semi-permeable membrane.

  3. The tubes are surrounded by a special dialysis fluid that helps remove waste products from the blood.

  4. The dialysis fluid has the same concentration of essential substances as the blood, but it is free of wastes.

  5. Waste products like urea, excess salts, and extra water move from the blood into the dialysis fluid.

  6. The cleaned blood is then returned to the patient's vein.


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